{"protocolSection":{"identificationModule":{"nctId":"NCT01779362","orgStudyIdInfo":{"id":"RISE Adult"},"secondaryIdInfos":[{"id":"5U01DK094406-02","type":"NIH","link":"https://reporter.nih.gov/quickSearch/5U01DK094406-02"}],"organization":{"fullName":"RISE Study Group","class":"NETWORK"},"briefTitle":"RISE Adult Medication Study","officialTitle":"Restoring Insulin Secretion Adult Medication Study","acronym":"RISE Adult"},"statusModule":{"statusVerifiedDate":"2018-08","overallStatus":"COMPLETED","expandedAccessInfo":{"hasExpandedAccess":false},"startDateStruct":{"date":"2013-04"},"primaryCompletionDateStruct":{"date":"2019-02","type":"ACTUAL"},"completionDateStruct":{"date":"2019-08","type":"ACTUAL"},"studyFirstSubmitDate":"2013-01-28","studyFirstSubmitQcDate":"2013-01-28","studyFirstPostDateStruct":{"date":"2013-01-30","type":"ESTIMATED"},"resultsFirstSubmitDate":"2023-04-12","resultsFirstSubmitQcDate":"2023-04-12","resultsFirstPostDateStruct":{"date":"2023-05-11","type":"ACTUAL"},"lastUpdateSubmitDate":"2023-04-12","lastUpdatePostDateStruct":{"date":"2023-05-11","type":"ACTUAL"}},"sponsorCollaboratorsModule":{"responsibleParty":{"type":"SPONSOR"},"leadSponsor":{"name":"RISE Study Group","class":"NETWORK"},"collaborators":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)","class":"NIH"}]},"oversightModule":{"oversightHasDmc":true},"descriptionModule":{"briefSummary":"The RISE Adult Medication Study is a 4-arm, 3-center, clinical trial of adults with prediabetes and early type 2 diabetes to address the hypothesis that aggressive glucose lowering will lead to recovery of beta-cell function that will be sustained after withdrawal of treatment. Adult participants (ages 20-65) will be randomized to one of the following treatment regimens: (1) blinded placebo, (2) blinded metformin alone, (3) early intensive insulin treatment with basal insulin glargine followed by open-label metformin, (4) the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) liraglutide plus open-label metformin.\n\nThe primary clinical question RISE will address is: Are improvements in ß-cell function following 12 months of active treatment maintained for 3 months following the withdrawal of therapy? Secondary outcomes will assess durability of glucose tolerance following withdrawal of therapy, and whether biomarkers obtained in the fasting state predict parameters of ß-cell function, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and the response to an intervention."},"conditionsModule":{"conditions":["Prediabetes","Type 2 Diabetes"]},"designModule":{"studyType":"INTERVENTIONAL","phases":["PHASE3"],"designInfo":{"allocation":"RANDOMIZED","interventionModel":"PARALLEL","primaryPurpose":"TREATMENT","maskingInfo":{"masking":"QUADRUPLE","whoMasked":["PARTICIPANT","CARE_PROVIDER","INVESTIGATOR","OUTCOMES_ASSESSOR"]}},"enrollmentInfo":{"count":267,"type":"ACTUAL"}},"armsInterventionsModule":{"armGroups":[{"label":"Metformin alone","type":"ACTIVE_COMPARATOR","description":"Metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day). Participants randomized to the metformin-alone arm will be blinded to treatment.","interventionNames":["Drug: Metformin"]},{"label":"Glargine followed by Metformin","type":"ACTIVE_COMPARATOR","description":"Basal insulin glargine for 3 months titrated to achieve a morning fasting blood glucose of 80-90 mg/dl, followed by open-label metformin (titrated up to 2000 mg/day) for 9 months.","interventionNames":["Drug: Metformin","Drug: Glargine"]},{"label":"Placebo","type":"PLACEBO_COMPARATOR","description":"Placebo - masked to metformin-alone. Placebo will be titrated to the maximum number of tablets equivalent to maximum dose of metformin.","interventionNames":["Drug: Placebo"]},{"label":"Liraglutide + Metformin","type":"ACTIVE_COMPARATOR","description":"Liraglutide + open-label Metformin. Liraglutide will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 1.8 mg/day) after which metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day).","interventionNames":["Drug: Metformin","Drug: Liraglutide"]}],"interventions":[{"type":"DRUG","name":"Metformin","description":"Titrated to 1000 mg BID","armGroupLabels":["Glargine followed by Metformin","Liraglutide + Metformin","Metformin alone"],"otherNames":["Glucophage"]},{"type":"DRUG","name":"Liraglutide","description":"Titrated to 1.8 mg/day","armGroupLabels":["Liraglutide + Metformin"],"otherNames":["Victoza"]},{"type":"DRUG","name":"Glargine","description":"Titrated to target fasting glucose \\<90 mg/dl","armGroupLabels":["Glargine followed by Metformin"],"otherNames":["Insulin glargine, Lantus"]},{"type":"DRUG","name":"Placebo","description":"Matching to metformin 1000 mg BI","armGroupLabels":["Placebo"]}]},"outcomesModule":{"primaryOutcomes":[{"measure":"ß-cell Response Measured by Hyperglycemic Clamp","description":"Clamp measures of ß-cell response, co-primary outcomes","timeFrame":"3-months after medication washout (Month 15)"},{"measure":"Insulin Sensitivity, M/I","description":"Clamp measure of insulin sensitivity","timeFrame":"3-months after a medication washout"}],"secondaryOutcomes":[{"measure":"ACPRg","description":"First phase response from the hyperglycemic clamp","timeFrame":"3-months after a medication washout"},{"measure":"ß-cell Function Measured by Hyperglycemic Clamp Techniques at M12","description":"Participants had 12-months of active therapy. Secondary results at the end of active intervention.","timeFrame":"Secondary analysis was on all participants with a Month 12 visit."}]},"eligibilityModule":{"eligibilityCriteria":"Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Fasting plasma glucose 95-125 mg/dl plus 2-hour glucose ≥140 mg/dl on 75 gm OGTT plus HbA1c ≤7.0%. There is no upper limit for the 2-hour glucose on OGTT.\n2. Age 20-65 years\n3. Body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 but ≤50 kg/m2\n4. Self-reported diabetes \\<1 year in duration\n5. Drug naïve (no prior to oral glucose lowering agent(s), insulin or other injectable glucose lowering agents)\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Underlying disease likely to limit life span and/or increase risk of intervention or an underlying condition that is likely to limit ability to participate in outcomes assessment\n2. An underlying disease that affects glucose metabolism other than type 2 diabetes\n3. Taking medications that affect glucose metabolism, or has an underlying condition that is likely to require such medications\n4. Active infections\n5. Renal disease (serum creatinine \\>1.4 mg/dl for men; \\>1.3 mg/dl for women) or serum potassium abnormality (\\<3.4 or \\>5.5 mmol/l)\n6. Anemia (hemoglobin \\<11 g/dl in women, \\<12 g/dl in men) or known coagulopathy\n7. Cardiovascular disease, including uncontrolled hypertension. Participants must be able to safely tolerate administration of intravenous fluids required during clamp studies.\n8. History of conditions that may be precipitated or exacerbated by a study drug:\n\n   1. Pancreatitis\n   2. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) more than 3 times the upper limit of normal\n   3. Excessive alcohol intake\n   4. Suboptimally treated thyroid disease\n   5. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid or MEN-2 (in participant or a family history)\n   6. Hypertriglyceridemia (\\>400 mg/dl despite treatment)\n9. Conditions or behaviors likely to affect the conduct of the RISE Study\n\n   1. Unable or unwilling to give informed consent\n   2. Unable to adequately communicate with clinic staff\n   3. Another household member is a participant or staff member in RISE\n   4. Current, recent or anticipated participation in another intervention research project that would interfere with any of the interventions/outcomes in RISE\n   5. Weight loss of \\>5% in past three months for any reason other than post-partum weight loss. Participants taking weight loss drugs or using preparations taken for intended weight loss are excluded.\n   6. Likely to move away from participating clinics in next two years\n   7. Women of childbearing potential who are unwilling to use adequate contraception\n   8. Current (or anticipated) pregnancy and lactation.\n   9. Major psychiatric disorder that, in the opinion of clinic staff, would impede the conduct of RISE\n10. Additional conditions may serve as criteria for exclusion at the discretion of the local site.","healthyVolunteers":true,"sex":"ALL","minimumAge":"20 Years","maximumAge":"65 Years","stdAges":["ADULT","OLDER_ADULT"]},"contactsLocationsModule":{"locations":[{"facility":"Jesse Brown VA Medical Center","city":"Chicago","state":"Illinois","zip":"60612","country":"United States","geoPoint":{"lat":41.85003,"lon":-87.65005}},{"facility":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago","state":"Illinois","zip":"60637","country":"United States","geoPoint":{"lat":41.85003,"lon":-87.65005}},{"facility":"Indiana University","city":"Indianapolis","state":"Indiana","zip":"46202","country":"United States","geoPoint":{"lat":39.76838,"lon":-86.15804}},{"facility":"VA Puget Sound Health Care System","city":"Seattle","state":"Washington","zip":"98108","country":"United States","geoPoint":{"lat":47.60621,"lon":-122.33207}}]},"referencesModule":{"references":[{"pmid":"24194506","type":"BACKGROUND","citation":"RISE Consortium. Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE): design of studies of beta-cell preservation in prediabetes and early type 2 diabetes across the life span. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):780-8. doi: 10.2337/dc13-1879. Epub 2013 Nov 5."},{"pmid":"28493515","type":"BACKGROUND","citation":"Hannon TS, Kahn SE, Utzschneider KM, Buchanan TA, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS, Ehrmann DA, Arslanian SA, Caprio S, Edelstein SL, Savage PJ, Mather KJ; RISE Consortium. Review of methods for measuring beta-cell function: Design considerations from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Consortium. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 Jan;20(1):14-24. doi: 10.1111/dom.13005. Epub 2017 Jun 22."},{"pmid":"36938582","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Tjaden AH, Edelstein SL, Arslanian S, Barengolts E, Caprio S, Cree-Green M, Lteif A, Mather KJ, Savoye M, Xiang AH, Kahn SE. Reproducibility of Glycemic Measures Among Dysglycemic Youth and Adults in the RISE Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Sep 18;108(10):e1125-e1133. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad135."},{"pmid":"35894078","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Utzschneider KM, Ehrmann DA, Arslanian SA, Barengolts E, Buchanan TA, Caprio S, Edelstein SL, Hannon TS, Kahn SE, Kozedub A, Mather KJ, Nadeau KJ, Sam S, Tripputi M, Xiang AH, El Ghormli L; RISE Consortium. Weight loss and beta-cell responses following gastric banding or pharmacotherapy in adults with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Aug;30(8):1579-1588. doi: 10.1002/oby.23475."},{"pmid":"34274407","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Utzschneider KM, Tripputi MT, Kozedub A, Barengolts E, Caprio S, Cree-Green M, Edelstein SL, El Ghormli L, Hannon TS, Mather KJ, Palmer J, Nadeau KJ; RISE Consortium. Differential loss of beta-cell function in youth vs. adults following treatment withdrawal in the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021 Aug;178:108948. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108948. Epub 2021 Jul 15."},{"pmid":"34135015","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Kahn SE, Edelstein SL, Arslanian SA, Barengolts E, Caprio S, Ehrmann DA, Hannon TS, Marcovina S, Mather KJ, Nadeau KJ, Utzschneider KM, Xiang AH, Buchanan TA; RISE Consortium; Rise Consortium Investigators:. Effect of Medical and Surgical Interventions on alpha-Cell Function in Dysglycemic Youth and Adults in the RISE Study. Diabetes Care. 2021 Sep;44(9):1948-1960. doi: 10.2337/dc21-0461. Epub 2021 Jun 16."},{"pmid":"34131048","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Sam S, Edelstein SL, Arslanian SA, Barengolts E, Buchanan TA, Caprio S, Ehrmann DA, Hannon TS, Tjaden AH, Kahn SE, Mather KJ, Tripputi M, Utzschneider KM, Xiang AH, Nadeau KJ; RISE Consortium; RISE Consortium Investigators. Baseline Predictors of Glycemic Worsening in Youth and Adults With Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes in the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Study. Diabetes Care. 2021 Sep;44(9):1938-1947. doi: 10.2337/dc21-0027. Epub 2021 Jun 15."},{"pmid":"34131047","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Kahn SE, Mather KJ, Arslanian SA, Barengolts E, Buchanan TA, Caprio S, Ehrmann DA, Hannon TS, Marcovina S, Nadeau KJ, Utzschneider KM, Xiang AH, Edelstein SL; RISE Consortium; Rise Consortium Investigators:. Hyperglucagonemia Does Not Explain the beta-Cell Hyperresponsiveness and Insulin Resistance in Dysglycemic Youth Compared With Adults: Lessons From the RISE Study. Diabetes Care. 2021 Sep;44(9):1961-1969. doi: 10.2337/dc21-0460. Epub 2021 Jun 15."},{"pmid":"33436401","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Arslanian SA, El Ghormli L, Kim JY, Tjaden AH, Barengolts E, Caprio S, Hannon TS, Mather KJ, Nadeau KJ, Utzschneider KM, Kahn SE; RISE Consortium. OGTT Glucose Response Curves, Insulin Sensitivity, and beta-Cell Function in RISE: Comparison Between Youth and Adults at Randomization and in Response to Interventions to Preserve beta-Cell Function. Diabetes Care. 2021 Mar;44(3):817-825. doi: 10.2337/dc20-2134. Epub 2021 Jan 12."},{"pmid":"32501595","type":"DERIVED","citation":"Gnesin F, Thuesen ACB, Kahler LKA, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B. Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 5;6(6):CD012906. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012906.pub2."},{"pmid":"31301210","type":"DERIVED","citation":"RISE Consortium. Obesity and insulin sensitivity effects on cardiovascular risk factors: Comparisons of obese dysglycemic youth and adults. Pediatr Diabetes. 2019 Nov;20(7):849-860. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12883. Epub 2019 Jul 29."},{"pmid":"31178434","type":"DERIVED","citation":"RISE Consortium. Lack of Durable Improvements in beta-Cell Function Following Withdrawal of Pharmacological Interventions in Adults With Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019 Sep;42(9):1742-1751. doi: 10.2337/dc19-0556. Epub 2019 Jun 9."},{"pmid":"31178433","type":"DERIVED","citation":"RISE Consortium; RISE Consortium Investigators. Effects of Treatment of Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes With Metformin Alone or in Combination With Insulin Glargine on beta-Cell Function: Comparison of Responses In Youth And Adults. Diabetes. 2019 Aug;68(8):1670-1680. doi: 10.2337/db19-0299. Epub 2019 Jun 9."},{"pmid":"29941498","type":"DERIVED","citation":"RISE Consortium. Metabolic Contrasts Between Youth and Adults With Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: II. Observations Using the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Diabetes Care. 2018 Aug;41(8):1707-1716. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0243. Epub 2018 Jun 25."},{"pmid":"29941497","type":"DERIVED","citation":"RISE Consortium. Metabolic Contrasts Between Youth and Adults With Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: I. Observations Using the Hyperglycemic Clamp. Diabetes Care. 2018 Aug;41(8):1696-1706. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0244. Epub 2018 Jun 25."}]},"ipdSharingStatementModule":{"ipdSharing":"YES","description":"A de-identified dataset will be made available through the NIDDK repository within 2 years after the final participant visit. Data can be obtained from the NIDDK repository."}},"resultsSection":{"participantFlowModule":{"groups":[{"id":"FG000","title":"Metformin Alone","description":"Metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day). Participants randomized to the metformin-alone arm will be blinded to treatment.\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID"},{"id":"FG001","title":"Glargine Followed by Metformin","description":"Basal insulin glargine for 3 months titrated to achieve a morning fasting blood glucose of 80-90 mg/dl, followed by open-label metformin (titrated up to 2000 mg/day) for 9 months.\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID\n\nGlargine: Titrated to target fasting glucose \\<90 mg/dl"},{"id":"FG002","title":"Placebo","description":"Placebo - masked to metformin-alone. Placebo will be titrated to the maximum number of tablets equivalent to maximum dose of metformin.\n\nPlacebo: Matching to metformin 1000 mg BI"},{"id":"FG003","title":"Liraglutide + Metformin","description":"Liraglutide + open-label Metformin. Liraglutide will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 1.8 mg/day) after which metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day).\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID\n\nLiraglutide: Titrated to 1.8 mg/day"}],"periods":[{"title":"Overall Study","milestones":[{"type":"STARTED","achievements":[{"groupId":"FG000","numSubjects":"65"},{"groupId":"FG001","numSubjects":"67"},{"groupId":"FG002","numSubjects":"67"},{"groupId":"FG003","numSubjects":"68"}]},{"type":"COMPLETED","achievements":[{"groupId":"FG000","numSubjects":"56"},{"groupId":"FG001","numSubjects":"65"},{"groupId":"FG002","numSubjects":"58"},{"groupId":"FG003","numSubjects":"53"}]},{"type":"NOT COMPLETED","achievements":[{"groupId":"FG000","numSubjects":"9"},{"groupId":"FG001","numSubjects":"2"},{"groupId":"FG002","numSubjects":"9"},{"groupId":"FG003","numSubjects":"15"}]}]}]},"baselineCharacteristicsModule":{"groups":[{"id":"BG000","title":"Metformin Alone","description":"Metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day). Participants randomized to the metformin-alone arm will be blinded to treatment.\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID"},{"id":"BG001","title":"Glargine Followed by Metformin","description":"Basal insulin glargine for 3 months titrated to achieve a morning fasting blood glucose of 80-90 mg/dl, followed by open-label metformin (titrated up to 2000 mg/day) for 9 months.\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID\n\nGlargine: Titrated to target fasting glucose \\<90 mg/dl"},{"id":"BG002","title":"Placebo","description":"Placebo - masked to metformin-alone. Placebo will be titrated to the maximum number of tablets equivalent to maximum dose of metformin.\n\nPlacebo: Matching to metformin 1000 mg BI"},{"id":"BG003","title":"Liraglutide + Metformin","description":"Liraglutide + open-label Metformin. Liraglutide will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 1.8 mg/day) after which metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day).\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID\n\nLiraglutide: Titrated to 1.8 mg/day"},{"id":"BG004","title":"Total","description":"Total of all reporting groups"}],"denoms":[{"units":"Participants","counts":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"65"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"67"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"67"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"68"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"267"}]}],"measures":[{"title":"Age, Continuous","paramType":"MEAN","dispersionType":"STANDARD_DEVIATION","unitOfMeasure":"years","classes":[{"categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"55.2","spread":"8.2"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"53.5","spread":"9.3"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"52.8","spread":"10.0"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"54.0","spread":"8.1"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"53.9","spread":"8.9"}]}]}]},{"title":"Sex: Female, Male","paramType":"COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS","unitOfMeasure":"Participants","classes":[{"categories":[{"title":"Female","measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"37"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"23"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"25"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"29"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"114"}]},{"title":"Male","measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"28"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"44"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"42"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"39"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"153"}]}]}]},{"title":"Race/Ethnicity, Customized","paramType":"COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS","unitOfMeasure":"Participants","classes":[{"title":"Race/Ethnicity","categories":[{"title":"Non-Hispanic White","measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"34"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"37"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"30"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"40"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"141"}]},{"title":"Black","measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"19"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"21"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"21"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"20"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"81"}]},{"title":"Hispanic","measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"6"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"5"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"11"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"6"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"28"}]},{"title":"All other","measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"6"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"4"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"5"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"2"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"17"}]}]}]},{"title":"Body mass index (BMI)","paramType":"MEAN","dispersionType":"STANDARD_DEVIATION","unitOfMeasure":"kg/m^2","classes":[{"categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"35.0","spread":"5.1"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"35.0","spread":"5.9"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"34.4","spread":"5.9"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"35.6","spread":"5.8"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"35.0","spread":"5.7"}]}]}]},{"title":"HbA1c","paramType":"MEAN","dispersionType":"STANDARD_DEVIATION","unitOfMeasure":"% of glycosylated hemoglobin","classes":[{"categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"5.77","spread":"0.40"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"5.80","spread":"0.33"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"5.73","spread":"0.43"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"5.69","spread":"0.39"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"5.75","spread":"0.39"}]}]}]},{"title":"Fasting glucose","paramType":"MEAN","dispersionType":"STANDARD_DEVIATION","unitOfMeasure":"mmol/L","classes":[{"categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"6.21","spread":"0.67"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"6.22","spread":"0.74"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"6.08","spread":"0.58"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"6.11","spread":"0.50"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"6.15","spread":"0.63"}]}]}]},{"title":"2-hour OGTT glucose","paramType":"MEAN","dispersionType":"STANDARD_DEVIATION","unitOfMeasure":"mmol/L","classes":[{"categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"BG000","value":"10.1","spread":"2.4"},{"groupId":"BG001","value":"10.3","spread":"2.4"},{"groupId":"BG002","value":"10.1","spread":"2.3"},{"groupId":"BG003","value":"9.9","spread":"2.2"},{"groupId":"BG004","value":"10.1","spread":"2.3"}]}]}]}]},"outcomeMeasuresModule":{"outcomeMeasures":[{"type":"PRIMARY","title":"ß-cell Response Measured by Hyperglycemic Clamp","description":"Clamp measures of ß-cell response, co-primary outcomes","populationDescription":"Primary analysis was on all participants who attended their M15 visit.","reportingStatus":"POSTED","paramType":"GEOMETRIC_MEAN","dispersionType":"95% Confidence Interval","unitOfMeasure":"nmol/L","timeFrame":"3-months after medication washout (Month 15)","groups":[{"id":"OG000","title":"Metformin Alone","description":"Metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day). Participants randomized to the metformin-alone arm will be blinded to treatment.\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID"},{"id":"OG001","title":"Glargine Followed by Metformin","description":"Basal insulin glargine for 3 months titrated to achieve a morning fasting blood glucose of 80-90 mg/dl, followed by open-label metformin (titrated up to 2000 mg/day) for 9 months.\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID\n\nGlargine: Titrated to target fasting glucose \\<90 mg/dl"},{"id":"OG002","title":"Placebo","description":"Placebo - masked to metformin-alone. Placebo will be titrated to the maximum number of tablets equivalent to maximum dose of metformin.\n\nPlacebo: Matching to metformin 1000 mg BI"},{"id":"OG003","title":"Liraglutide + Metformin","description":"Liraglutide + open-label Metformin. Liraglutide will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 1.8 mg/day) after which metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day).\n\nMetformin: Titrated to 1000 mg BID\n\nLiraglutide: Titrated to 1.8 mg/day"}],"denoms":[{"units":"Participants","counts":[{"groupId":"OG000","value":"56"},{"groupId":"OG001","value":"65"},{"groupId":"OG002","value":"58"},{"groupId":"OG003","value":"53"}]}],"classes":[{"title":"Steady State C-peptide","categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"OG000","value":"3.65","lowerLimit":"1.94","upperLimit":"6.87"},{"groupId":"OG001","value":"3.58","lowerLimit":"1.68","upperLimit":"8.33"},{"groupId":"OG002","value":"3.60","lowerLimit":"1.72","upperLimit":"7.53"},{"groupId":"OG003","value":"3.73","lowerLimit":"1.87","upperLimit":"7.44"}]}]},{"title":"ACPRmax","categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"OG000","value":"4.61","lowerLimit":"2.00","upperLimit":"10.66"},{"groupId":"OG001","value":"4.32","lowerLimit":"1.58","upperLimit":"11.80"},{"groupId":"OG002","value":"4.45","lowerLimit":"1.56","upperLimit":"12.71"},{"groupId":"OG003","value":"4.58","lowerLimit":"2.21","upperLimit":"9.48"}]}]}],"analyses":[{"groupIds":["OG000","OG001","OG002","OG003"],"groupDescription":"Seemingly unrelated regression was used to compare treatment arms on the combination of insulin sensitivity (M/I as calculated from the hyperglycemic clamp) and insulin secretion (steady-state C-peptide and ACPRmax as co-primary; ACPRg as major secondary,). See statistical analysis plan for further details and R code.","nonInferiorityType":"SUPERIORITY","pValue":">0.05","pValueComment":"All analyses were conducted with values on a log scale and re-exponentiated for presentation.","statisticalMethod":"Regression, Linear","statisticalComment":"Measures of ß-cell response were modeled simultaneously with insulin sensitivity (M/I) using 2-df seemingly unrelated regression models."}]},{"type":"PRIMARY","title":"Insulin Sensitivity, M/I","description":"Clamp measure of insulin sensitivity","populationDescription":"All participants with a Month 15 visit","reportingStatus":"POSTED","paramType":"GEOMETRIC_MEAN","dispersionType":"95% Confidence Interval","unitOfMeasure":"x 10-5 mmol/kg/min per pmol/L","timeFrame":"3-months after a medication washout","groups":[{"id":"OG000","title":"Metformin Alone","description":"Metformin will be titrated to the maximum dose tolerated (up to 2000 mg/day). 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