[ { "trial": "T01", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Individuals were randomized to $1,000 a month for three years, unconditional and flat, against a control arm paid a token $50 a month, in the US, with mental health and employment among the reported outcomes.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "10 counties in north-central Texas, including the Dallas and Fort Worth area", "9 counties in northern Illinois, including the Chicago area" ], "population": "Adults aged 21-40 with 2019 household income at or below 300% of the federal poverty level (households receiving SSI, people receiving SSDI, and residents of subsidized public housing excluded)", "years": "2020-11 to 2023-10", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 1000, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 36, "n_randomized": 1000 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 50, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 36, "n_randomized": 2000 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T01-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, other)", "income group (0-100%, 101-200%, 201-300% of FPL)", "state (Illinois or Texas)", "blocks of three formed on baseline covariates, with re-randomization to meet minimum balance p-values" ], "payment_start": "2020-11", "payment_months": 36, "waves": [ { "label": "Year 1 (monthly online surveys, time diaries and quarterly UI records over months 1-12)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "life_satisfaction", "employment", "hours", "earnings" ] }, { "label": "Midline (enumerated survey, April-August 2022, about 18 months of payments)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "employment", "hours", "earnings" ] }, { "label": "Year 2 (monthly online surveys, time diaries and quarterly UI records over months 13-24)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "life_satisfaction", "employment", "hours", "earnings" ] }, { "label": "Endline (enumerated survey, March-August 2023, about 30 months of payments)", "months_since_first_payment": 30, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "employment", "hours", "earnings" ] }, { "label": "Year 3 (monthly online surveys, time diaries and quarterly UI records over months 25-36)", "months_since_first_payment": 30, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "life_satisfaction", "employment", "hours", "earnings" ] }, { "label": "UI administrative records for quarter(s) after payments ended (after October 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": null, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "employment", "earnings" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 6 (K6)", "PHQ-9", "GAD-2 (two-question Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener, 0-6)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)", "days mental health was good in the last 30", "SF-12 emotional-role items (accomplished less, did things less carefully, emotional problems interfered socially)", "mental health index (family index of the above)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employed (survey, any paid work)", "employed (state unemployment-insurance records, quarterly)", "employed (UI records pooled with survey for non-consenters)", "hours worked per week (survey and app time diaries)", "individual wage/salary earnings (UI records and survey)", "total individual and household income excluding the transfers", "hours worked by partner and other household members", "job search, spells of non-employment, and quality-of-employment indices" ], "evaluator": "OpenResearch, with researchers at the University of Toronto, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UC Berkeley and University of Michigan; enumerated surveys by the University of Michigan Survey Research Center", "result_reports": [ "aei:openresearch-health", "aei:openresearch-employment" ], "notes": "Control got $50/month for the same 36 months. Before randomization every enrollee received $50/month during an enrollment period (October 2019 to October 2020). People who knew each other or shared an address were randomized together (18 clusters of 2 and 2 of 3); all others singly. Transfers by direct deposit from non-profits in each state (a reloadable debit card for a few), treated as non-taxable gifts; benefit protections differed by state (Illinois protected SNAP, TANF, child care, Medicaid, energy assistance; Texas only Medicaid and energy assistance). Online-survey year windows are coded at their midpoints (6, 18, 30 months). Main estimates pool periods (endline 70%/midline 30%; years 3/2/1 at 50/30/20%). The PSS and GAD-2 were asked only in the monthly online surveys. Subjective well-being (life satisfaction 0-10, SPANE, domain satisfaction) is reported by year in the employment paper. The consumption paper (aei:openresearch-consumption) has no mental health or employment results." }, { "trial": "T02", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Mothers of newborns were randomized within site to a $333 monthly unconditional debit-card gift or a token $20 monthly gift, flat, in the US, and the reports present maternal mental health and employment outcomes.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "New York City, New York", "New Orleans, Louisiana", "Omaha, Nebraska", "Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin Cities), Minnesota" ], "population": "Mothers recruited in postpartum wards of 12 hospitals after giving birth, with prior-year household income below the federal poverty line, English or Spanish speaking, healthy singleton infant", "years": "2018-05 to 2025-09", "arms": [ { "label": "high-cash gift", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 333, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 76, "n_randomized": 400 }, { "label": "low-cash gift", "kind": "control", "amount": 20, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 76, "n_randomized": 600 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T02-1", "treated": "high-cash gift", "control": "low-cash gift", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "site (city), 40% high-cash / 60% low-cash within each site" ], "payment_start": "2018-05", "payment_months": 76, "waves": [ { "label": "Age 1 (child's first birthday, July 2019-June 2020)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours", "earnings", "life_satisfaction" ] }, { "label": "Age 2 (child's second birthday, July 2020-July 2021)", "months_since_first_payment": 24, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours", "life_satisfaction" ] }, { "label": "Age 3 (child's third birthday, July 2021-July 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 36, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours", "life_satisfaction" ] }, { "label": "Age 4 (48 months after randomization, July 2022-August 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 48, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "employment", "hours" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "PHQ-8 (ages 1-4)", "GAD-7 (ages 2-4)", "Beck Anxiety Inventory (ages 1 and 3)", "Perceived Stress Scale (9 items at ages 1-2, 10 items at age 3)", "parenting stress index (ages 1-2)", "hair cortisol (age 1, in-person subsample)" ], "employment_measures": [ "ever worked for pay or self-employed since the birth (age 1)", "months worked in the first year", "working for pay at the time of the survey", "hours worked per week (past month)", "months to labor-market re-entry and to full-time re-entry", "maternal earnings", "maternal employment, hours and total household earnings through age 4 (pmid:40726482, abstract only)" ], "evaluator": "Baby's First Years study team (University of California, Irvine; Columbia University; University of Wisconsin-Madison; New York University; University of Maryland; Duke University; with other partner universities)", "result_reports": [ "pmid:40804074", "pmid:40522644", "bfy:health-jamaped", "bfy:wellbeing-ssrn", "bfy:employment-ssr", "bfy:nber-w30379", "pmid:36798246", "pmid:40726482", "pmid:38907028", "pmid:39148861", "ppr:PPR613857" ], "notes": "Control (low-cash gift) got a token $20/month on the same 4MyBaby debit card, freely spendable. First gift loaded at the hospital at birth, so months since first payment equal child age; enrollment staggered May 2018 to June 2019. Gifts promised for 40 months, extended to 52 months (June 2021) and to 76 months (June/August 2022), ending September 2025. States agreed the gifts would not affect SNAP, Medicaid, TANF, child care or LIHEAP; they counted for SSI. Age 1 interviews moved from home visits to phone in March 2020. Employment, hours and subjective well-being after age 1 appear only in abstracts (pmid:38907028 through age 3; pmid:40726482 through age 4). bfy:mh-covid-imhj analyzes only the low-cash group; pmid:32289072 in this trial's file list concerns the Stockton SEED pilot, not Baby's First Years." }, { "trial": "T03", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Stockton residents were randomly assigned to $500 a month on a prepaid debit card, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Stockton, California" ], "population": "Adults (18+) with a Stockton address in census tracts at or below the city's median household income ($46,033), recruited by mailer", "years": "2019-02 to 2021-01", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 24, "n_randomized": 131 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 200 }, { "label": "administrative control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 147 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T03-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2019-02", "payment_months": 24, "waves": [ { "label": "Wave 3 (August 2019)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [] }, { "label": "Wave 4 (February 2020)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "employment" ] }, { "label": "Wave 5 (August 2020)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [] }, { "label": "Wave 6 (February 2021, final disbursement)", "months_since_first_payment": 24, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "employment" ] }, { "label": "Wave 7 (August 2021, 6-month follow-up)", "months_since_first_payment": 30, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "SF-36 mental health subscales (emotional well-being; role limitations due to emotional health)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employed (full-time, part-time, or stay-at-home parent/caregiver) vs. not employed, among those eligible for employment (retired, disabled and students excluded)" ], "evaluator": "SEED research team (article authors; research approved by the University of Tennessee, Knoxville IRB); program run by the City of Stockton (Office of Mayor Michael Tubbs) with the Economic Security Project", "result_reports": [ "pmid:37037977" ], "notes": "Simple random assignment in Stata from mailer respondents (addresses sampled by census tract). Payments planned for 18 months (registration; pmid:32289072) and run for 24 (February 2019-January 2021). The administrative (passive) control consented only to administrative data and has no reported outcomes, so it forms no comparison. Months are computed from the February 2019 first payment; Wave 2 (January/February 2019) is treated as baseline. Results are reported only at Waves 4, 6 and 7 (baseline-Wave 4, Wave 4-6 during COVID, Wave 6-7 after payments). Retention by endline about 55% treatment and 35% control; 14 'politically purposive' treatment members excluded. The employment measure counts stay-at-home caregivers as employed. A hold-harmless fund reimbursed recipients' benefit losses." }, { "trial": "T04", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Single caregivers were randomized to $500 a month for 18 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Cambridge, Massachusetts" ], "population": "Single (unmarried) caregivers aged 18+ of at least one child under 18, Cambridge residents with income below 80% of area median income", "years": "2021-09 to 2023-02", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 18, "n_randomized": 130 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 156 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T04-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2021-09", "payment_months": 18, "waves": [ { "label": "6-month (February 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12-month (August 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18-month (February 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale, 4-item (PSS-4)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Cambridge-MA" ], "notes": "286 of 488 applicants selected and randomized. Controls were paid only for surveys. The planned 6-month post-payment survey was dropped because eligible participants moved into the follow-on Rise Up cash program, so there is no post-payment wave. Benefit waivers protected housing and DTA benefits. SF-36 mental health subscales were not collected. Attrition 50% at 6 months; missing data multiply imputed (MICE)." }, { "trial": "T05", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Fathers were randomized to $500 a month for 12 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Columbia, South Carolina (ZIP codes 29203 and 29223)" ], "population": "Fathers living in ZIP codes 29203 or 29223 who were current or former clients of the Midlands Fatherhood Coalition", "years": "2021-08 to 2022-09", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 12, "n_randomized": 100 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 130 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T05-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2021-08", "payment_months": 12, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (February 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (August 2022, end of payments)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (February 2023, 6 months after payments ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Columbia-SC" ], "notes": "Simple random assignment of 230 from 251 applicants after the baseline survey (January-April 2021); controls paid only for surveys. The report gives the payment span as August 2021 to September 2022 for 12 monthly payments. Most fathers owed child support or other court-ordered payments (about $300/month), not a condition of the cash. Treatment fathers had higher baseline stress. Attrition 51%, 43% and 52% at the three follow-ups; MICE imputation." }, { "trial": "T06", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Formerly incarcerated residents were randomized to $600 a month for 12 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Durham, North Carolina" ], "population": "Adults 18+ living within Durham city limits, released from incarceration within the previous 5 years, with income at or below 60% of the 2021 Durham-Chapel Hill area median income", "years": "2022-03 to 2023-02", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 600, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 12, "n_randomized": 109 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 138 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T06-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2022-03", "payment_months": 12, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (August 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (February 2023, end of payments)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (August 2023, 6 months after payments ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10), total and depression and anxiety subscores", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Durham-NC" ], "notes": "247 selected from about 870 applicants; controls paid only for surveys. The program launched in March 2022 and the 18-month survey was 6 months after the last payment, so payments are coded March 2022-February 2023, although one passage says participants began receiving payments in January 2022. Baseline equivalence was not established (ethnicity, full-time employment); models adjust for ethnicity. Implemented with StepUp Durham. MICE imputation." }, { "trial": "T07", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "People recently released from incarceration were randomized to monthly unconditional cash ($1,000 then $600 a month for 12 months), flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Gainesville / Alachua County, Florida" ], "population": "Alachua County residents 18+ with a felony conviction released from a Florida jail or prison, or starting felony probation in Alachua County, between August 9, 2021 and February 9, 2022", "years": "2022-01 to 2023-02", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 600, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 12, "n_randomized": 115 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 134 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T07-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2022-01", "payment_months": 12, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (June/August 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (December 2022/February 2023, end of payments)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (June/August 2023, 6 months after payments ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10), total and depression and anxiety subscores", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Gainesville-FL" ], "notes": "First month paid $1,000, then $600 a month for 11 months. Two recruitment cohorts (baselines January and March 2022), so payments ran January-December 2022 and March 2022-February 2023. 249 of about 300 applicants; controls paid only for surveys. Program run by Community Spring. Very high attrition, especially among controls (27 of 134 at 18 months); MICE imputation." }, { "trial": "T08", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Central Iowa households with dependents were randomized to $500 a month for 24 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Polk, Dallas and Warren Counties, Iowa (metropolitan, micropolitan and rural areas)" ], "population": "Adults 18+ living with at least one dependent (up to age 25), household income at or below 60% of area median income", "years": "2023-05 to 2025-04", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 24, "n_randomized": 110 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 140 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T08-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "geography (sample set at 65% metropolitan, 25% micropolitan, 10% rural)" ], "payment_start": "2023-05", "payment_months": 24, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours" ] }, { "label": "12 months", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours" ] }, { "label": "18 months", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours" ] }, { "label": "24 months", "months_since_first_payment": 24, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours" ] }, { "label": "30 months (6 months after the final payment)", "months_since_first_payment": 30, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment", "hours" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work", "hours per shift", "days worked per week", "days missed from work", "days less productive at work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Iowa-HealthAndHope", "cgir:CGIR-Report-Iowa-Affordability", "cgir:CGIR-Report-Iowa-Parenting" ], "notes": "Reported as 'basic income'. Both arms received $50 gift cards per survey. Geography included as a covariate; the reports do not give survey dates beyond the 6-month schedule. The parenting report's appendix tabulates K10 and PSS at every wave. Coordinated by the Harkin Institute at Drake University with Des Moines University for outreach." }, { "trial": "T09", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Caregivers were randomized to $450 a month for 12 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Ithaca, New York" ], "population": "Caregivers aged 18+ (unpaid care for children or for ill, disabled or aging adults) living in the City of Ithaca with income at or below 80% of area median income", "years": "2022-06 to 2023-05", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 450, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 12, "n_randomized": 110 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 132 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T09-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "race/ethnicity (weighted allocation to mirror Housing Choice Voucher recipients)" ], "payment_start": "2022-06", "payment_months": 12, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (November 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (May 2023, final disbursement)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (November 2023, 6 months after the final disbursement)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Ithaca-NY" ], "notes": "242 randomized from about 390 applicants (baseline December 2021); onboarding took about 6 months, delaying the 6-month survey. Replacement of treatment participants during onboarding altered the planned race-weighted proportions, leaving a baseline imbalance that models address with an ethnicity interaction. Two controls withdrew (analysis n=240). Controls paid only for surveys; implemented with the Human Service Coalition of Tompkins County." }, { "trial": "T10", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Applicants were randomized, within council-district quotas, to $1,000 a month for 12 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "City of Los Angeles, California" ], "population": "Residents 18+ with a dependent child under 18 (or a student under 24) or pregnant, income at or below the federal poverty line, and economic or medical hardship related to COVID-19", "years": "2022-01 to 2023-03", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 1000, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 12, "n_randomized": 3202 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 4992 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T10-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "City Council district (quota allocation of slots by district)" ], "payment_start": "2022-01", "payment_months": 12, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (Wave 2, August 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (Wave 3, February 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (Wave 4, August 2023, post-intervention)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale, 4-item (PSS-4)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania, with the USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work and the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-LA-CA-BIGLEAP", "pmid:40633007" ], "notes": "Over 50,000 applied; 8,194 randomized. Payments began January 2022 and ran through March 2023 (staggered starts). Controls paid only for surveys; treatment received benefits counseling. Implemented by the city's Community Investment for Families Department; registered as NCT07200648 (registration has no results). Multilevel models account for council districts." }, { "trial": "T11", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Low-income parents were randomized to $500 a month for 12 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Madison, Wisconsin" ], "population": "Adult Madison residents below 200% of the federal poverty line with a child under 18 in the home", "years": "2022-09 to 2023-08", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 12, "n_randomized": 146 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 171 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T11-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2022-09", "payment_months": 12, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (February 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (August 2023, when payments ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (February 2024, 6 months after payments ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania, with the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and University of Tennessee researchers", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Madison-WI" ], "notes": "Drawn from over 9,000 applicants. The program description says 155 households were assigned to the cash and 200 to control; the research allocation was 146 treatment and 171 control, two controls later withdrew (analysis n=315). Baseline imbalance on the K10 and the $400-emergency measure is controlled in models. Controls paid only for surveys; recipients had benefits counseling." }, { "trial": "T12", "eligible": false, "reason": "no_control_arm", "why": "Recipients were a random draw of applicants, but the evaluation was a non-experimental single-group pre-post study with no control or comparison group followed." }, { "trial": "T13", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "A three-arm RCT randomized Newark residents to recurring cash ($250 twice a month) or semi-annual $3,000 lump sums for two years, both unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Newark, New Jersey (nine ZIP codes)" ], "population": "Newark residents 18+ with income at or below 200% of the federal poverty line who had been adversely affected by COVID-19", "years": "2021-11 to 2023-10", "arms": [ { "label": "recurring payment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 24, "n_randomized": 200 }, { "label": "lump-sum payment", "kind": "lump_sum", "amount": 6000, "currency": "USD", "per": "year", "months_paid": 24, "n_randomized": 200 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 478 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T13-1", "treated": "recurring payment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" }, { "id": "T13-2", "treated": "lump-sum payment", "control": "control", "kind": "lump_sum" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "ZIP code (nine ZIP codes contributing equal shares to each arm)" ], "payment_start": "2021-11", "payment_months": 24, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (April 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (October 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (April 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "24 months (October 2023, time of the last payment)", "months_since_first_payment": 24, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "30 months (April 2024, 6 months after the last payment)", "months_since_first_payment": 30, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10), total and depression and anxiety components", "Perceived Stress Scale, 4-item (PSS-4)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status by the Census protocol (employed full-time; part-time or seasonal; gig; self-employed; stay-at-home caregiver; retired/disabled; student; unemployed looking / not looking)", "barriers to employment (e.g., childcare) and reasons for not seeking work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Newark-NJ" ], "notes": "Recurring arm paid $250 twice a month ($500/month). Lump-sum arm paid $3,000 twice a year (four payments over 24 months, $6,000/year); the report does not give its payment dates, so its last payment preceded the 24-month survey by an unknown interval. 878 randomized from about 4,700 applicants, ratio 1:1:2.4 with the control oversampled. The methods give the first disbursement as November 2021 and the last 6 months before April 2024; the executive summary says October 2021-September 2023. Controls paid only for surveys. The companion report on housing, parenting and education (cgir:CGIR-Report-Newark-NJ-2, listed as T14) covers the same trial." }, { "trial": "T14", "eligible": false, "reason": "other", "why": "This is a companion report (housing, parenting, education) from the Newark Movement for Economic Equity RCT, the same trial coded as T13, and it presents no mental health or employment results, so it is not a separate trial." }, { "trial": "T15", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Low-income Oakland families were randomized to $500 a month for 18 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Oakland, California" ], "population": "Oakland residents with at least one child under 18 in the household and 2021 income at or below 138% of the federal poverty line", "years": "2022-01 to 2023-06", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 18, "n_randomized": 300 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 360 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T15-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2022-01", "payment_months": 18, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (June 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (December 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (June 2023, end of payments)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "24 months (January 2024, 6 months after payments ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 24, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10), total and depression and anxiety subscores", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Oakland-CA" ], "notes": "660 randomly selected from over 11,000 applicants (baseline October 2021), then assigned 300/360. Implemented by UpTogether with the City of Oakland. Controls paid only for surveys. MICE imputation." }, { "trial": "T16", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Applicants were randomized to $400 a month for 12 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Paterson, New Jersey" ], "population": "Residents 18+ earning below New Jersey's living wage ($30,000 for single individuals, $88,000 for families)", "years": "2021-07 to 2022-06", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 400, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 12, "n_randomized": 110 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 131 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T16-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "race/ethnicity (randomized sample weighted 60% Latinx, 26% Black, 8% White, 4% Asian)" ], "payment_start": "2021-07", "payment_months": 12, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (December 2021)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (June 2022, end of the program)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (December 2022, 6 months after the program ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Paterson-NJ", "pilot:pgip_1" ], "notes": "241 drawn at random from about 3,600 applicants (baseline April 2021). The program ran July 2021-June 2022; the methods section's 'first disbursement in July 2022' is a typo given the survey dates. Very high attrition (control respondents 22-30 per follow-up). Controls paid only for surveys. pilot:pgip_1 is an identical copy of the CGIR report." }, { "trial": "T17", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Low-income residents were randomized to $500 a month for 18 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Providence, Rhode Island" ], "population": "Providence residents 18+ with income below 200% of the federal poverty line (excluding American Rescue Plan income)", "years": "2021-11 to 2023-04", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 18, "n_randomized": 110 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 132 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T17-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": [ "race/ethnicity (randomized sample weighted 44% Hispanic/Latino, 16.5% White, 15.2% Black, 16.8% other)" ], "payment_start": "2021-11", "payment_months": 18, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (April 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (October 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (April 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "24 months (October 2023, 6 months after payments ended)", "months_since_first_payment": 24, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-Providence-RI" ], "notes": "242 selected from about 4,000 eligible applicants after the August 2021 baseline. Implemented with Amos House. Controls paid only for surveys. Attrition 51% at 6 months and 33-38% at later waves; MICE imputation." }, { "trial": "T18", "eligible": false, "reason": "no_control_arm", "why": "Eighteen recipients were randomly selected from a city client list, but the study followed only them, with no control or comparison group." }, { "trial": "T19", "eligible": true, "reason": null, "why": "Families with young children were randomized to $500 a month for 24 months, unconditional and flat, or to a no-cash control, in the US, with psychological distress and employment reported.", "country": "United States", "sites": [ "Encanto/Bay Terraces (92114), San Diego", "Paradise Hills (92139), San Diego", "National City (91950)", "San Ysidro (92173), San Diego" ], "population": "Families with at least one child under 12, income at or below 200% of the federal poverty line, living in one of the four ZIP codes", "years": "2022-03 to 2024-02", "arms": [ { "label": "treatment", "kind": "recurring", "amount": 500, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 24, "n_randomized": 150 }, { "label": "control", "kind": "control", "amount": 0, "currency": "USD", "per": "month", "months_paid": 0, "n_randomized": 150 } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "T19-1", "treated": "treatment", "control": "control", "kind": "recurring" } ], "randomization": "individual", "stratified_by": null, "payment_start": "2022-03", "payment_months": 24, "waves": [ { "label": "6 months (August 2022)", "months_since_first_payment": 6, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "12 months (February 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 12, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "18 months (August 2023)", "months_since_first_payment": 18, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "24 months (February 2024, final payment)", "months_since_first_payment": 24, "during_payments": true, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] }, { "label": "30 months (August 2024, 6 months after the final payment)", "months_since_first_payment": 30, "during_payments": false, "measures": [ "mental_health", "stress", "employment" ] } ], "mental_health_instruments": [ "Kessler 10 (K10)", "Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)" ], "employment_measures": [ "employment status categories: employed full-time; employed part-time or seasonal; business owner/self-employed; gig worker; stay-at-home parent or caregiver; student; retired/disabled; unemployed looking for work; unemployed not looking for work" ], "evaluator": "Center for Guaranteed Income Research (CGIR), University of Pennsylvania", "result_reports": [ "cgir:CGIR-Report-SanDiego-CA", "pilot:sand_1" ], "notes": "300 families randomly selected from about 5,300 eligible applicants (baseline December 2021); one per arm later withdrew (n=298). More Latino participants in control; models control for race. Controls paid only for surveys. pilot:sand_1 is an identical copy of the CGIR report." }, { "trial": "T20", "eligible": false, "reason": "no_control_arm", "why": "Most recipients were randomly selected from applicants, but the evaluation was a non-experimental longitudinal study of the 100 recipients with no control or comparison group." } ]