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Neurons spend most of their ATP on ion pumping (Attwell & Laughlin 2001) and receive oxygen by diffusion from capillaries, so energy-hungry neuron types might sit closer to capillaries. In whole-brain MERFISH atlases (Yao et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2023) we measured each neuron's distance to the nearest endothelial cell relative to neighbouring neurons in the same local tile, and correlated each subclass's excess with an OXPHOS plus Na/K-pump expression score (preregistration). Across 239 subclasses there was no relation: rho = -0.018960304 (CI -0.14959145 to 0.11132168; p = 0.7770223), with no consistent sign across the replication brains. Every subclass sits within a few percent of its neighbours' capillary distance. Decision: refute.

• Published, Reproduced.Published, Reproduced: Across 239 transcriptomic neuron subclasses (2.07 million neurons) in a whole adult mouse brain mapped by MERFISH, a subclass's energy-metabolism gene expression (88 oxidative-phosphorylation genes plus Na+/K+-ATPase Atp1a1/Atp1a3, from independent 10x data) does not predict how close its cell bodies sit to the nearest capillary endothelial cell relative to neighbouring neurons in the same 100-um tile: Spearman rho = -0.019 (95% CI -0.150 to 0.111; permutation p = 0.78). Replication brains give rho = -0.048, +0.044, -0.003 and +0.344 (2 of 4 negative). The preregistered decision is refute: energy-hungry neuron types do not sit measurably closer to capillaries; all subclasses lie within about +/-4% of local neurons' log distance.

Evidence that small fMRI studies overstate effects comes mostly from reported peaks, which are inflated by selection whatever the sample size. We asked the question with a whole-brain measure that has no peak selection. For each published (DOI-linked), group-level, unthresholded task-fMRI T or Z map on NeuroVault (Gorgolewski et al. 2015), we estimated the root-mean-square standardized effect over a fixed grey-matter mask from the mean squared statistic. We then regressed its log on log N with map-type, smoothing, upload-year and paradigm fixed effects plus a random intercept per collection. Everything was preregistered (prereg:f7ecdaf6…) on a frozen map list. After QC and de-duplication, 1245 maps from 200 collections were analysed. The slope was β = -0.101387 (CI -0.272087 to 0.069313), so the locked decision is inconclusive. There is no significant small-study inflation, and steep slopes are excluded. The data cannot rule out a modest slope at the preregistered boundary.

• Published, Reproduced.Published, Reproduced: Across 1,245 QC-passing, de-duplicated, published (DOI-linked) group-level unthresholded task-fMRI T/Z maps from 200 NeuroVault collections (N 10–1,369), the preregistered mixed model of log whole-brain rms standardized effect (grey-matter mask) on log N gives beta = -0.101387 (95% CI -0.272087 to 0.069313): no statistically significant small-study inflation of whole-brain effect sizes; slopes steeper than about -0.27 are excluded, but the preregistered refutation bound (-0.10) is not, so the locked decision is inconclusive.

The anterior insula is often proposed as a hub where time perception, interoception and graviception meet, and as the system through which depressed experience is felt as heaviness, low mood, low energy and slowing. Because the insula appears in a large share of all neuroimaging studies, co-localisation needs a base-rate control. In a registered analysis of 13459 full-text articles from NeuroQuery, we asked whether studies discussing each function, or depressive-symptom terms, report anterior-insula coordinates more often than studies on random topics. Interoception studies did (association z 10.259), but equally in the posterior insula; time perception (z {{R1.terms.time perception.anterior_insula.z}}) and vestibular studies (z -0.945) did not, so the three-way conjunction was no more selective than random term triples (percentile 0.5456). Symptom terms were not selective either (percentile 0.7064). At the resolution of literature meta-analysis, the anterior insula is not a selective meeting point for these functions.

• Published, Reproduced, Reviewed.Published, Reproduced, Reviewed: Across 13459 NeuroQuery full-text articles with coordinates, studies that discuss time perception or vestibular processing report anterior-insula coordinates no more often than studies on random topics (anterior-insula association z 0.424 and -0.945; percentiles 0.4959 and 0.2351 among 2773 comparison terms), so the conjunction of time perception, interoception and vestibular processing in the anterior insula is not selective (minimum z -0.945, percentile 0.5456 among random term triples), even though interoception alone is strongly associated (z 10.259).
• Published, Reproduced.Published, Reproduced: In the same articles, interoception studies are as strongly associated with the posterior as with the anterior insula (z 10.389 vs 10.259), and vestibular studies lean posterior (anterior minus posterior z -2.366, percentile 0.0999 among random terms), so none of the three functions shows an anterior-insula preference.
• Published, Reproduced, Reviewed.Published, Reproduced, Reviewed: Studies discussing fatigue, psychomotor change, sadness or mood are not selectively associated with the anterior insula: their mean association z (1.057) lies at percentile 0.7064 of random four-term sets, with fatigue negative and only sadness near the upper tail.

Spatiotemporal accounts of depression predict that the default mode network (DMN) integrates over the longest intrinsic timescales, longer than control and salience networks, and that depression lengthens DMN timescales, prolongs DMN-dominant states, narrows transitions between network states and tracks brooding rumination. We tested these predictions in a registered analysis of public eyes-closed resting-state fMRI from people with depression and controls. Salience timescales were the shortest, but the DMN's were shorter than the control network's by -0.0416 s (CI -0.07 to -0.0125), opposite to the predicted order. Depression did not change DMN timescales (AUC 0.4015, CI 0.2708 to 0.5378), DMN dwell time or transition entropy, and brooding tracked neither. These data do not support the tested predictions.

• Published.Published: In eyes-closed resting-state fMRI from 72 adults (OpenNeuro ds002748; 100 Schaefer parcels, 0.01-0.1 Hz band-pass, TR 2.5 s), the intrinsic timescale ACW-50 of the salience network is shorter than that of the default mode network (Hodges-Lehmann difference 0.0391 s, 95% CI 0.0057 to 0.0731) and of the control network (0.0751 s, 0.0397 to 0.1085), but the default mode network's is not the longest: it is shorter than the control network's by 0.0416 s (95% CI 0.0125 to 0.07).
• Published.Published: In the same data, 51 adults with mild-to-moderate depression and 21 controls did not differ in default mode network ACW-50 (probability a depressed participant's value exceeds a control's 0.4015, 95% CI 0.2708 to 0.5378), in mean dwell time of default-mode-dominant states (0.5131, 0.3679 to 0.6536) or in the entropy of transitions among default-mode-, salience- and control-dominant states (0.549, 0.3987 to 0.6975); the design had 80% power only for differences near an AUC of 0.70.
• Published.Published: Within the 45 depressed participants with Ruminative Responses Scale scores, brooding was not correlated with default mode network ACW-50 (Spearman rho 0.1065, 95% CI -0.1848 to 0.3812) or with default-mode-dominant dwell time (rho -0.2063, -0.4732 to 0.0887).